近义词辨析是单选和完形的高频失分点:中文都能说「花费」,英文却有四个词分守四种句型;「借」有借入借出两个方向。这类题不考难词,考的是最常用词的精确分工。
「花费」四兄弟句型对照
| 动词 | 主语 | 句型 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| spend | 人 | spend 时间 / 钱 on sth / (in) doing | I spent twenty yuan on the book. |
| cost | 物 | sth cost sb 钱 | The book cost me twenty yuan. |
| take | it 或事情 | It takes sb 时间 to do sth | It took me an hour to finish the work. |
| pay | 人 | pay 钱 for sth | I paid twenty yuan for the book. |
其他高频易混词对照
| 词组 | 区别 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| borrow / lend | borrow 借入(from),lend 借出(to) | Can I borrow your pen? / Can you lend your pen to me? |
| speak / say / talk / tell | speak 语言,say 内容,talk 交谈,tell 讲述 | He can speak English. / He said nothing. |
| look / see / watch | look 注意的动作,see 结果,watch 观看 | Look at the blackboard. / watch a game |
| rise / raise | rise 不及物自行升起,raise 及物举起 | The sun rises in the east. / Please raise your hand. |
| bring / take / fetch | 带来 / 带走 / 去取来回 | Bring your book here. / Take an umbrella. |
辨析总思路:先定「主语是人还是物」「动作方向朝谁」,再定句型。绝大多数近义词都能靠主语和方向两把尺子分开。
易错点:spend 的主语是人,cost 的主语是物
The book spent me twenty yuan 是典型错误——spend 的主语必须是人。反过来 I cost twenty yuan 也不成立——cost 的主语必须是物。判断方法一句话:钱从谁手里出去,谁用 spend 或 pay;东西标价多少,主语用 cost。完形填空里四个花费词同时出现,先看主语名词还是代词是人是物,再看后面接 on、for 还是不定式,两个动作筛完只剩正确答案。